-
1 there is nothing whatever speculative about it
Общая лексика: здесь нет абсолютно никакого рискаУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > there is nothing whatever speculative about it
-
2 speculative
[ʹspekjʋlətıv] a1. 1) созерцательный, умозрительныйwe must approach this problem in a speculative way - мы должны подойти к этой проблеме умозрительно
2) мыслительный2. 1) теоретический, гипотетическийspeculative rather than practical conclusions - теоретические, а не практические выводы
2) склонный к абстрактному теоретизированию3. филос. спекулятивный4. спекулятивныйspeculative buying - ком., бирж. спекулятивная покупка
5. рискованныйthere is nothing whatever speculative about it - здесь нет абсолютно никакого риска
6. оценивающий, испытующий -
3 speculative
1. a созерцательный, умозрительный2. a мыслительный3. a теоретический, гипотетический4. a склонный к абстрактному теоретизированию5. a спекулятивный6. a рискованный7. a оценивающий, испытующийСинонимический ряд:1. theoretical (adj.) abstract; academic; closet; conjectural; hypothetical; presumed; supposed; suppositional; tentative; theoretical; unproven2. thoughtful (adj.) cogitative; contemplative; deliberative; intellectual; meditative; pensive; pondering; reasoning; reflecting; reflective; ruminating; ruminative; thinking; thoughtful -
4 speculative
ˈspekjulətɪv прил.
1) умозрительный, созерцательный, спекулятивный (основанный на умозрительном построении) speculative philosophy
2) теоретический, гипотетический, предполагаемый speculative knowledge ≈ теоретические знания speculative assumption ≈ гипотетическое допущение Syn: theoretical Ant: demonstrable
3) спекулятивный (основанный на финансовой спекуляции), рассчитанный на скорую и легкую наживу speculative transaction ≈ спекулятивная сделка speculative trading ≈ спекулятивные операции speculative purchases ≈ спекулятивные закупки
4) изучающий, любопытный (вид, взгляд) His mother regarded him with a speculative eye. ≈ Мать внимательно осмотрела его. созерцательный, умозрительный - we must approach this problem in a * way мы должны подойти к этой проблеме умозрительно мыслительный - * power мыслительная способность теоретический, гипотетический - * assumption гипотетическое допущение - * rather than practical conclusions теоретические, а не практические выводы склонный к абстрактному теоретизированию (философское) спекулятивный - * philosophy спекулятивная философия - * reason спекулятивный ум спекулятивный - * transaction спекулятивная сделка - * buying( коммерческое) (биржевое) спекулятивная покупка рискованный - there is nothing whatever * about it здесь нет абсолютно никакого риска оценивающий, испытующий - she gave him a * glance она испытующе взглянула на него speculative рискованный ~ спекулятивный ~ теоретический ~ умозрительныйБольшой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > speculative
-
5 здесь нет абсолютно никакого риска
General subject: there is nothing whatever speculative about itУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > здесь нет абсолютно никакого риска
-
6 Thinking
But what then am I? A thing which thinks. What is a thing which thinks? It is a thing which doubts, understands, [conceives], affirms, denies, wills, refuses, which also imagines and feels. (Descartes, 1951, p. 153)I have been trying in all this to remove the temptation to think that there "must be" a mental process of thinking, hoping, wishing, believing, etc., independent of the process of expressing a thought, a hope, a wish, etc.... If we scrutinize the usages which we make of "thinking," "meaning," "wishing," etc., going through this process rids us of the temptation to look for a peculiar act of thinking, independent of the act of expressing our thoughts, and stowed away in some particular medium. (Wittgenstein, 1958, pp. 41-43)Analyse the proofs employed by the subject. If they do not go beyond observation of empirical correspondences, they can be fully explained in terms of concrete operations, and nothing would warrant our assuming that more complex thought mechanisms are operating. If, on the other hand, the subject interprets a given correspondence as the result of any one of several possible combinations, and this leads him to verify his hypotheses by observing their consequences, we know that propositional operations are involved. (Inhelder & Piaget, 1958, p. 279)In every age, philosophical thinking exploits some dominant concepts and makes its greatest headway in solving problems conceived in terms of them. The seventeenth- and eighteenth-century philosophers construed knowledge, knower, and known in terms of sense data and their association. Descartes' self-examination gave classical psychology the mind and its contents as a starting point. Locke set up sensory immediacy as the new criterion of the real... Hobbes provided the genetic method of building up complex ideas from simple ones... and, in another quarter, still true to the Hobbesian method, Pavlov built intellect out of conditioned reflexes and Loeb built life out of tropisms. (S. Langer, 1962, p. 54)Experiments on deductive reasoning show that subjects are influenced sufficiently by their experience for their reasoning to differ from that described by a purely deductive system, whilst experiments on inductive reasoning lead to the view that an understanding of the strategies used by adult subjects in attaining concepts involves reference to higher-order concepts of a logical and deductive nature. (Bolton, 1972, p. 154)There are now machines in the world that think, that learn and create. Moreover, their ability to do these things is going to increase rapidly until-in the visible future-the range of problems they can handle will be coextensive with the range to which the human mind has been applied. (Newell & Simon, quoted in Weizenbaum, 1976, p. 138)But how does it happen that thinking is sometimes accompanied by action and sometimes not, sometimes by motion, and sometimes not? It looks as if almost the same thing happens as in the case of reasoning and making inferences about unchanging objects. But in that case the end is a speculative proposition... whereas here the conclusion which results from the two premises is an action.... I need covering; a cloak is a covering. I need a cloak. What I need, I have to make; I need a cloak. I have to make a cloak. And the conclusion, the "I have to make a cloak," is an action. (Nussbaum, 1978, p. 40)It is well to remember that when philosophy emerged in Greece in the sixth century, B.C., it did not burst suddenly out of the Mediterranean blue. The development of societies of reasoning creatures-what we call civilization-had been a process to be measured not in thousands but in millions of years. Human beings became civilized as they became reasonable, and for an animal to begin to reason and to learn how to improve its reasoning is a long, slow process. So thinking had been going on for ages before Greece-slowly improving itself, uncovering the pitfalls to be avoided by forethought, endeavoring to weigh alternative sets of consequences intellectually. What happened in the sixth century, B.C., is that thinking turned round on itself; people began to think about thinking, and the momentous event, the culmination of the long process to that point, was in fact the birth of philosophy. (Lipman, Sharp & Oscanyan, 1980, p. xi)The way to look at thought is not to assume that there is a parallel thread of correlated affects or internal experiences that go with it in some regular way. It's not of course that people don't have internal experiences, of course they do; but that when you ask what is the state of mind of someone, say while he or she is performing a ritual, it's hard to believe that such experiences are the same for all people involved.... The thinking, and indeed the feeling in an odd sort of way, is really going on in public. They are really saying what they're saying, doing what they're doing, meaning what they're meaning. Thought is, in great part anyway, a public activity. (Geertz, quoted in J. Miller, 1983, pp. 202-203)Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler. (Einstein, quoted in Minsky, 1986, p. 17)What, in effect, are the conditions for the construction of formal thought? The child must not only apply operations to objects-in other words, mentally execute possible actions on them-he must also "reflect" those operations in the absence of the objects which are replaced by pure propositions. Thus, "reflection" is thought raised to the second power. Concrete thinking is the representation of a possible action, and formal thinking is the representation of a representation of possible action.... It is not surprising, therefore, that the system of concrete operations must be completed during the last years of childhood before it can be "reflected" by formal operations. In terms of their function, formal operations do not differ from concrete operations except that they are applied to hypotheses or propositions [whose logic is] an abstract translation of the system of "inference" that governs concrete operations. (Piaget, quoted in Minsky, 1986, p. 237)[E]ven a human being today (hence, a fortiori, a remote ancestor of contemporary human beings) cannot easily or ordinarily maintain uninterrupted attention on a single problem for more than a few tens of seconds. Yet we work on problems that require vastly more time. The way we do that (as we can observe by watching ourselves) requires periods of mulling to be followed by periods of recapitulation, describing to ourselves what seems to have gone on during the mulling, leading to whatever intermediate results we have reached. This has an obvious function: namely, by rehearsing these interim results... we commit them to memory, for the immediate contents of the stream of consciousness are very quickly lost unless rehearsed.... Given language, we can describe to ourselves what seemed to occur during the mulling that led to a judgment, produce a rehearsable version of the reaching-a-judgment process, and commit that to long-term memory by in fact rehearsing it. (Margolis, 1987, p. 60)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Thinking
См. также в других словарях:
Kierkegaard’s speculative despair — Judith Butler Every movement of infinity is carried out through passion, and no reflection can produce a movement. This is the continual leap in existence that explains the movement, whereas mediation is a chimera, which in Hegel is supposed to… … History of philosophy
ancient Greek civilization — ▪ historical region, Eurasia Introduction the period following Mycenaean civilization, which ended in about 1200 BC, to the death of Alexander the Great, in 323 BC. It was a period of political, philosophical, artistic, and scientific… … Universalium
nature, philosophy of — Introduction the discipline that investigates substantive issues regarding the actual features of nature as a reality. The discussion here is divided into two parts: the philosophy of physics and the philosophy of biology. In this… … Universalium
Constructivist epistemology — is an epistemological perspective in philosophy about the nature of scientific knowledge[1]. Constructivists maintain that scientific knowledge is constructed by scientists and not discovered from the world. Constructivists claim that the… … Wikipedia
KABBALAH — This entry is arranged according to the following outline: introduction general notes terms used for kabbalah the historical development of the kabbalah the early beginnings of mysticism and esotericism apocalyptic esotericism and merkabah… … Encyclopedia of Judaism
metaphysics — /met euh fiz iks/, n. (used with a sing. v.) 1. the branch of philosophy that treats of first principles, includes ontology and cosmology, and is intimately connected with epistemology. 2. philosophy, esp. in its more abstruse branches. 3. the… … Universalium
biblical literature — Introduction four bodies of written works: the Old Testament writings according to the Hebrew canon; intertestamental works, including the Old Testament Apocrypha; the New Testament writings; and the New Testament Apocrypha. The Old… … Universalium
Europe, history of — Introduction history of European peoples and cultures from prehistoric times to the present. Europe is a more ambiguous term than most geographic expressions. Its etymology is doubtful, as is the physical extent of the area it designates.… … Universalium
Hegelians (The Young), Feuerbach, and Marx — The Young Hegelians, Feuerbach, and Marx Robert Nola Largely through lectures delivered at the University of Berlin, Hegel built up a circle of followers, mainly contemporaries or pupils, who were intent on working out aspects of the… … History of philosophy
PHILOSOPHY, JEWISH — This article is arranged according to the following outline: WHAT IS JEWISH PHILOSOPHY? recent histories of jewish philosophy biblical and rabbinic antecedents bible rabbinic literature hellenistic jewish philosophy philo of alexandria biblical… … Encyclopedia of Judaism
philosophy, Western — Introduction history of Western philosophy from its development among the ancient Greeks to the present. This article has three basic purposes: (1) to provide an overview of the history of philosophy in the West, (2) to relate… … Universalium